Massimo Scalia Kenneth Boulding was the first economist to criticize the consumption patterns of his country, the United States, proposing explicitly to the industrialized world a type of economy that was extremely careful to control the flow of materials, their use and their reuse or recycling. In this short essay of 1965 he used a metaphor that clearly translated the many aspects of the problem, pointing out the urgency to move the economy of the "cowboy" than the "Spacecraft".
no coincidence Boulding was sarcastic on the concept of GDP and sull'idolatria that was accorded. Of course, this area had the largest audience in the '68 Bob Kennedy, with his critical and ironic at the same time inspired, the fact remains that the first Earth Day, which was celebrated in 1970 with a major event in New York, to assume Space ship earth as its slogan, the title of the essay by Boulding. In 1972, the study group of MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) directed by Danny Meadows, along the lines of the previous model developed by Forrester, acquired world fame: A limit to growth, which according to the evolution of five parameters Fundamental (22 in the more complex model) showed that it was sufficient for the death of the biosphere the uncontrolled growth of just one of those parameters (population growth, energy consumption, pollution).
Amid some skepticism, especially in Italy in the cultural and political left, was a reflection that the proposal would have the field in all the decades that followed: the physical limits of growth based on the pillage of natural resources, natural .
Just one year earlier, Georgescu-Roegen had somehow tried to apply the principles of physical economy to try to quantify and model laws "rules" what, exactly, those of thermodynamics, the senseless act in consumption of natural resources owned by all people. Undoubtedly noble intentions, to attempt a difficult and largely failed, however, was that fruitful discussion and development: it is in 1980 that Herman Daly, a disciple of Georgescu, proposes an economic model of "steady state" as a regulator of a relationship between non-destructive man, its production and consumption activities and resources of nature, including the great cycles through which guarantees the preservation and development of living. At the end of the 80s is a German philosopher, Hans Jonas, which raises the moral question, not only with respect to the debt due to the future generations, but directly on the biosphere, because it is too intense the pace at which industrial civilization has robbed and injured in the last two centuries, the nature and continues to do so with an acceleration that knows no rest.
It is no coincidence that in these few hints will not find the name of a Marxist philosopher of culture, nor would broaden the search. For two basic reasons. The first is that Marx himself, who is also attracted to this aspect of classical economics, had no concept of economy in relation all'esauribilità of many of the resources that underlie it: illuminating criticism of Malthus and his hypothesis unlimited population growth, bad for other reasons, that would put a strain on available materials economy.
Then there is a theoretical concept in Marx, which sees in man, in the class in reality, the protagonist of the story which should be subject to any natural availability. The interplay between "productive consumption" and "consumer production", celebrated in Chapter VI "new" Capital, testify not only a vision of classical economics, but also a relationship between man and nature that does not deviate from the rule of man the nature of the second strand is present in the myth of Prometheus in the Judeo-Christian thought. But half of the '800 sarebbe stato in effetti troppo pretendere una consapevolezza sui limiti fisici della crescita in nome di un miglior rapporto con la natura.Certo, sembra di cogliere in qualche modo una contraddizione tra questa visione e, invece, l'attenzione, l'analisi scrupolosa volta a determinare i diversi materiali e il lavoro incorporato in ogni componente che porta infine al bene prodotto, alla merce. Questa attenzione aveva tra le sue motivazioni il riuscire a vincere la scommessa del definire il prezzo della merce proprio a partire dal capitale costante, dal capitale variabile e da quel "plusvalore", che avrebbe dato quantificazione e valore "scientifico" allo sfruttamento dell'uomo sull'uomo come si realizza nella società capitalistica.
It 'strange that this problem - the transformation of value in prices - and this type of analysis that have been subjected to an age-old debate - Boehm-Bowerk, Tugan-Baranovsky and so forth up to Sraffa - have been sidelined plan that very matter of flow and processing of materials for the measure of labor incorporation, which would lead to greater attention to the nature and property it provides. Singles as well as the fact that solved the problem, no one has cared that much, leaving a shadow the brilliant "reconstruction" made by Marcello Cini.
The second reason is that attitude that has served the Marxian cover a certain perfunctory abruptness with which the reasons for development of the working class were almost the same as the reasons for the quantitative production. There was then time to fuss with the efficient use of resources, their preservation and protection. That, more recently, has also fueled the conflict between environment and work on several occasions by the condition of the workers a "rampart" of the interests of the owner.
and 'culture' industrial ', which for decades has been, if not dominant in the major political parties of the left and most of our union. Even today, when it receives notice of the inadequacy of that culture, ne rimangono i riflessi. Forse è questo che spinge a uniformare la crisi ambientale alla crisi economica, finanziaria, industriale e sociale.
Si perde allora la diversa scala temporale e la diversa intensità di questi fenomeni, che colpiscono immediatamente con l'evidenza dei posti di lavoro che mancano, soprattutto per i giovani, dell'impoverimento generale, del precariato, della mancanza di futuro.
Tutte situazioni drammatiche che fanno però in qualche modo velo al fatto che il modello energetico ad alta concentrazione cui siamo abituati, e che facciamo tanta fatica a cambiare, ha innescato, a causa dell'enorme ricorso ai combustibili fossili, an increase of the greenhouse forcing that action as to be pushed from stability to instability and its climate cycles. We're going through. It will change dramatically the way we see and live, if not act very decisively in the next ten years.
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